Integrated framework for stakeholder participation: Methods and tools for identifying and addressing human–wildlife conflicts

As wild areas disappear and agricultural lands expand, understanding how people wildlife can coexist becomes increasingly important. Human–wildlife conflicts (HWCs) are obstacles to coexistence negatively affect both populations the livelihood of people. To facilitate coexistence, a number frameworks have been developed understand drivers conflict then find solutions that mitigate conflict. However, each framework has different foci strengths in particular stages analysis. Here, we propose an integrated leverages individual previously fairly isolated methodologies, allowing for holistic HWC The participatory impact assessment (FoPIA) provides toolset developing scenarios, selecting indicators assessing scenarios. social-ecological ecosystem services disservices (SEEDS) analyzes trade-offs related 3i stakeholder analysis approach, supports identification stakeholders mechanism explore, detail stakeholders' interests, relative influence, outcomes research likely stakeholders. We apply these approaches eastern Germany, where increase several (i.e., boar, common crane, gray wolf, European bison) contributed with demonstrate complementarity FoPIA, SEEDS, identifying needs showing dynamics may create imbalanced service disservice distributions. introduced here guidelines analyzing multistage process participation enables comprehensive approach complex challenge HWCs.